Black Hole Theory

Black holes are places of mystery. The laws of physics predict their existence but cannot explain what happens inside a black hole. Once we can do that, we will have stepped beyond the work of Albert Einstein and taken the next big leap in our understanding of the Universe. Put simply, black holes are places where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape once it gets too close. This sets them apart from all other celestial objects, where you would always – in principle – be able to build a rocket strong enough to escape into space. With a black hole, it would take an infinite amount of energy to pull away. Most people think of a black hole as a voracious whirlpool in space, sucking down everything around it. But that’s not really true! A black hole is a place where gravity has gotten so strong that the escape velocity is faster than light. But what does that mean, exactly? Gravity is what keeps us on the Earth, but it can be overcome. If you toss a rock up in the air, it will only go up little ways before the Earth’s gravity slows it and pulls it back down. If you throw it a little harder, it goes faster and higher before coming back down. If you could throw the rock hard enough, it would have enough velocity that the Earth’s gravity could not slow it down enough to stop it. The rock would have enough velocity to escape the Earth.

Black hole theory

For the Earth, that velocity is about 11 kilometers per second (7 miles/second). But an object’s escape velocity depends on its gravity: more gravity means a higher escape velocity because the gravity will “hold onto” things more strongly. The Sun has far more gravity than the Earth, so its escape velocity is much higher—more than 600 km/s (380 miles/s). That’s 3000 times faster than a jet plane! If you take an object and squeeze it down in size, or take an object and pile mass onto it, its gravity (and escape velocity) will go up. At some point, if you keep doing that, you’ll have an object with so much gravity that the escape velocity is faster than light. Since that’s the ultimate speed limit of the Universe, anything too close would get trapped forever. No light can escape, and it’s like a bottomless pit: a black hole.

What Happen When You Fall Into a Black Hole?

If you fall into a black hole, you’re doomed. Sure, once you fall in you can never get back out, but it turns out you’ll probably be dead before you get there. The gravity you feel from an object gets stronger the closer you get. As you approach a stellar-mass black hole feet-first, the force of gravity on your feet can be thousands of times stronger than the force on your head! This has the effect of stretching you, pulling you apart like taffy. Tongue-in-cheek, scientists call this “spaghettification.” By the time you reach the black hole, you’ll be a thin stream of matter many miles long. It probably won’t hurt though: even falling from thousands of kilometers away, the entire gory episode will be over in a few milliseconds. You may not even make it that far. Some black holes greedily gobble down matter, stealing it from an orbiting companion star or, in the case of supermassive black holes, from surrounding gas clouds. As the matter falls in, it piles up into a disk just outside the hole.

Orbiting at huge speeds, the matter in this accretion disk gets extremely hot—even reaching millions of degrees. It will spew out radiation, in particular, high-energy X-rays. Long before the black hole could rip you apart you’d be fried by the light. But suppose you somehow manage to survive the trip in. What strange things await you on your way down into forever? Once you pass the point where the escape velocity is faster than light, you can’t get out. This region is called the event horizon. That’s because no information from inside can escape, so any event inside is forever beyond our horizon. If the black hole is rotating, chaos awaits you inside. It’s a maelstrom as infalling matter turns back on the incoming stream, crashing into you like water churning at the bottom of a waterfall. At the very core of the black hole, the seething matter finally collapses all the way down to a point. When that happens, our math (and intuition) fail us. It’s as if the matter has disappeared from the Universe, but its mass is still there. At the singularity, space and time as we know them to come to an end.

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